I teach Child Safety to a lot of prenatal groups and this is one of the most common questions. Sounds like a question easy to answer, but it's not unless I say now!
The real answer is that there are things you can do to safety-proof (a better word than childproof) for a new baby before they are born and you will need to continue this process throughout their childhood.
Before they are born you should prepare safe sleep and travel environments - crib/bassinet and car seat.
Before they are mobile you should practice safe habits regarding sleep - always on their backs - and placement - never on an elevated surface - to prevent falls - and never within reach of any potential hazards - choking, cords, or tip overs.
Once they are beginning to be mobile - crawling or rolling well - which can be anywhere from 4-14 months - you should have in place the basics of your safety proofing. You may need gates, cabinet latches, outlet covers, and anti-tip devices.
When they are walking - anywhere from 7-18 months - you need to be prepared for them being able to open doors, climb on things and reach higher. You may need door latches, window guards, and blind cord safety devices.
From then on you always need to be teaching and practicing safe habits - where and when it's safe to play and rough-house, street safety, car seats and seatbelts, and so on.
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